STATE OF IRELAND leading to the Insurrection Act 1822.
Some Mangles names.
These extracts provide some more local material relevant to the area around Rathkeale in Co. Limerick, as well as some of the men arrested and transported on the ‘MANGLES’. They supplement the more thoroughly researched published papers listed here.
EXTRACTS re State of LIMERICK: Wellesley Despatches 1822Lord Wellesley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, wrote a series of Despatches to the UK Government. [ British Parliamentary Papers (BPP) 1822 (XIV) 743 et seq. and BPP (XIV) 764 – 770.] as well as Major Wilcocks and the Magistrate Mr Sergeant Torrens. Items also from The Times (London) and Limerick Chronicle. (Some Wilcocks items taken at Four Courts Building, Dublin, in 1972 (Margaret Wilkinson) and 1978 (Frank Murray.)
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| 22 October, 1821 | ASSASSINATION OF MAJOR GOING . The Times reported on the murder of Mr Going in Limerick. “attacked by 4 men, 3 dressed in white, fourth was not disguised. His body was made a riddle of. He had a case of pistols which was taken by the murderers. They did not take his money.”It was in the grounds of the Rathkeale Courthouse that Major Going ordered men to be buried without coffins in quicklime. This cruel act so stirred up the people in the district that nine of them took an oath to take his life. Three months later, they got their opportunity, and riddled him with bullets, on his way from Cappagh to Rathkeale. “In 1823 a James Fitzgibbon was tried with a Patrick Neville for murdering Richard Going and in spite of being ably defended by Daniel O’Connell, they were convicted and executed.” [Kevin O’Leary to Joan Dawes 22.2.1960]). [The Times 22/10/1821 3c and 23/10/1821 2e.]
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| 27 December, 1821 | Limerick.It appears that a small party of troops proceeding through a village, were so violently assaulted by the people coming out of their chapel, as to render it necessary to fire in self defence.Mr ___________ a most respectable Magistrate, regrets that he cannot perceive any substantial benefit from the convictions. That two assassinations took place last week; one three miles from Limerick, and the other near Rathkeale; and that there is no sincere disposition to restore arms. [Wellesley]
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| 31 December, 1821 | Rathkeale. The Chief Magistrate of Police has reported, that he does not perceive any inclination on the part of the people to surrender arms, or to desist from outrage; and that on the 30th ult. a poor man’s cabin, about two miles from Rathkeale, was attacked and broken open, his son killed, and the father wounded, in consequence as is supposed, of his having given information relative to a robbery. [Wellesley]
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| 3 January, 1822 | Beechmount, Rathkeale. The distress of the poor class is beyond description. The severe weather has caused loss of almost all their turf and they are cutting down their orchards etc for fuel. [T. Lloyd.]
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| 8 January, 1822 | Bruff. Captain O’Grady Standish O’Grady, Esq. the Member for the county of Limerick, states, that ever since his arrival in the county, it has been in a very disturbed state; that a very general attack has been made on the houses of several farmers, all of which have been robbed of arms or money, That he had taken the armed leader of one party , whom he came up with in the night, and that in the houses afterwards searched by him, the proprietors were not to be found. [Wellesley]
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| 17 January, 1822 | Rathkeale, J. Lloyd, Esq The Assistant Barrlster, in the absence of Major Wilcocks) states that the house of Mr Mauncell, near Ratbkeale, had been attacked and robbed by an armed party; that a murder had been committed in the neighbourhood, and that no disposition appears in the people to return to good order. [Wellesley]
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| 19 January, 1822 | Limerick Major Wilcocks.The murder referred to by Mr. Lloyd, is detailed by Major Wilcocks, in a letter of a subsequent date;it appears to have been the consequence of some family dispute, and to have been attended with circumstances of great barbarity, but not to have been connected wIth the late disturbances, otherwise, than as the general state of lawless confusion has rendered such acts of violence familiar to the inhabitants. About the same time, two Policemen were attacked by some countrymen, and, after resistance, robbed of their arms. [Wellesley]
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| 23 January, 1822 | Rathkeale.Distress among the poorer classes and unprecedented price of potatoes. [Wilcocks]
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| 28 January, 1822 | Rathkeale.The distress of the poorer class in this neighbourhood is beyond description. The severe weather has caused the loss of almost all their turf and they are cutting down orchards etc for fuel. There are robberies and extortions in the neighbourhood under the pretence of buying gunpowder. Swearing in is extending daily. (Lloyd suggested the spplication (Proclamation) of the Insurrection Act. [Wilcocks from a 22 January letter by T Lloyd of Beechmount, Rathkeale.]
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| 31 January 1822 | Rathkeale.Reports by Major Wilcocks re state of the countryside in and around Rathkeale, his area of military responsibility, during the weeks leading to the arrest of Edmund Markham and others..
T. Lloyd: The spirit of the peasantry is hourly becoming worse. The only chance of averting an explosion is to immediately send down large military forces. Details of attacks on small bodies of soldiers. Robbery is rife under pretence of levying funds for ‘the cause’. Various burnings between Rathkeale and Charleville. Lord Chief Baron O’Grady: We are in a complete state of war. There must be a large army. [Wellesley]
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| 7 February, 1822 | Rathkeale.This district has become much disturbed since the removal of the Troops, outrages frequent and daring. I am closing stations where I have small parties of Police as Cork appears to be getting more quiet, probably one of the Regiments intended for that County might be sent in here. The insurgents appear to have assumed more confidence, and are much bolder in their attacks for arms than even heretofore – they proceed in small parties through the fields so that they elude the vigilance of our patrols. [Wilcocks.]
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| 11 February, 1822 | Rathkeale.Raids for arms at home of Mr Hewson, five miles from Rathkeale. Gallant Mr Peppard and sons repelled attack on house [Wilcocks.]The TIMES of 11 February 1822The Bills relating to Ireland passed the House of Commons on Friday last, and in the House of Lords …(will be)… probably passed this day. Dreadful indeed must be the state of Ireland, if the remedies now adopted bear only a just proportion to it. All the inhabitants of this ill fated island are put, not merely at the disposal of the Crown, but of the local Magistracy of the disturbed districts…that is to say, of men whose minds must necessarily be embittered, and their passions inflamed, against those upon whom they are summoned to exercise their new powers. Let it be well understood, that the crimes and persons about to be thus visited may, abstractly speaking, be considered as violating the great interests of the public peace and property, they are in fact the peculiar torments of their immediate neighbours. It is the property of those contiguous to them which they do substantially spoil – it is the feelings of those who lie within reach of their midnight aggressions, which the insurgents do really harass and exasperate; and yet it is from amongst these very men, whether clergy, laiety, gentlemen, or middlemen, that are to be found the magistrates appointed by this Insurrection Act to try and sentence their own personal enemies. How, then, is that law likely to be administered, which makes both Judge and juror of him whom human nature makes a party? We are told that men will act with fairness, who act under the weight of personal responsibility. But what Minister or Magistrate ever in practice becomes responsible for oppressions, however enormous, perpetrated at a time of public confusion, in the name of loyalty or of the public safety? What satisfaction was given to any man who complained of ill treatment during the great Irish rebellion, or during the late suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act here? We have done for the present with these dreadful provisions of the Legislature: admitting their necessity, we may be suffered to deplore it; and to hope that if they are conceived in rigour, they may at least, so far as depends on the Government itself, be temperately and mercifully executed.But how defective is the proposition of punishment alone; and how inconsistent with the Minister’s own declarations! This disorder, says Lord Londonderry, originates in distress – by no means in a spirit of political change or disaffection. Now if the object of the insurgents were to destroy the State, we can imagine that measures of oppression or chastisement would be all that the immediate duty of a Minister might require. But if distress be the admitted cause of the malady, why does not some distinct recommendation of relief form part of the prospective cure? It is monstrous that a public Minister should discharge no duty but that of enforcing obedience; while he abandons to any person who may charitably undertake it, the higher duty of protection to the King’s unhappy subjects – protection from the most terrible calamities- even those of nakedness and famine. It will be a grievous disappointment to the real friends of Ireland, if they do not hear that some attempts are in contemplation, by the authors of the Insurrection Act, and its ominous companion, to palliate, if not to remove, their acknowledged causes. This will besides afford the only chance of shortening the duration of arbitrary measures, and of superceding a system worse, in one respect, because more disguised, than that of pure military government.
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| 13 February, 1822 | Rathkeale.The chief magistrate of police reports, that nothing particular has occurred. A barn belonging to a poor man, with a small quantity of corn, was burnt in consequence of his having assisted to till a small piece of ground. [Wilcocks.]
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| 13 February, 1822 | Rathkeale.Barn and small quantity of corn burnt last night near Rathkeale. [Wilcocks].
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| 14 February, 1822 | Rathkeale. Mr. Wilcocks states, that he has not heard of any outrages since his letter of yesterday. [Wellesley.}
The TIMES of 23 February, 1822. Cork,. This moment the trial of the 14 prisoners taken in the conflict at Carriganimmi has terminated…..the only testimony the prisoners brought forward was to character, the following ten were found guilty out of the number:- Daniel Murphy, Daniel Reardon, Patrick Lehane, Patrick Breen, Thomas Goggin, Cornelius Buckley, Cornelius Lucy, Jeremiah Hurley, Humphrey Hinchey, and John Kelleher. Four were acquitted, of the names of Thomas Schriven, Timothy Swiney, Michael Lynch, and Martin Swiney. The TIMES of 26 February, 1822. The proceedings of the Special Commission at Cork form a highly interesting portion of the content of the last Irish papers. Fourteen individuals were arraigned under the White Boy Act, on the 18th inst. For assembling on the 24 January, at Carriganimmi and aiding and assisting in firing at Messrs Hedges and Ashe, and others of the King’s subjects. The result of the first prosecution was, that four of the prisoners were acquitted, as not being sufficiently identified; and ten found guilty, one of whom was recommended to mercy, for imbecility of mind. On the day following (19th) fifteen other prisoners were tried for appearing in arms, and firing on the Magistrates and Military at the mountain of Dishure, near Macroom, on the 25th ult. Twelve of these unfortunate men were found guilty, and one of the twelve, by name Mahony, recommended on account of his youth. Among the witnesses examined on this trial were Colonel Mitchell, and several of the rifle brigade; but with respect to the means through which the capture of some of the prisoners were effected, we must remark that a considerable latitude appears to have been taken by the conquerors. One gentleman admits in his evidence that he seized on Mahony (there were two of that name under prosecution) after firing a pistol at him while he was on his knees in prayer; and the first sight the witness got of him was near a mile from the scene of action. On the next day (Wednesday, 20), three were found guilty of illegally assembling at Newmarket, on the 25th of January – one of forcibly taking arms from a dwelling house. Patrick Leary was convicted of being concerned in an attack on the house of Reverend Mr Kirchoffer on the 8 January; two others of being in arms at night near Charleville, and one of being in the same criminal situation at Carriganimmi – where he was taken. The convictions on this day amount therefore to eight, making with those of the former days the frightful number of 30. Notwithstanding the success of these prosecutions, we grieve to say that the general progress of insubordination does not appear to have sensibly abated. In the County of Limerick, another savage murder has been perpetrated, and on the person of a gentleman of the name of Burke, represented to be an inoffensive and popular character. A Mr Hewson has, in the same County, been fired at and wounded. Several houses have been attacked in that neighbourhood; and we further find that meetings of magistrates have been called in the three counties of Limerick, Cork and Tipperary, to memorialise the Government on the subject of applying the Insurrection Act to the disturbed parts of each of these counties.
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| 16 February, 1822 | Rathkeale.Mr. Hewson, Jun. of Castle Hewson, was met between Askeaton and Glin on the 15th, about four o’clock p.m. by a single person, who took a pistol from under his coat and fired at him, arid wounded him in the wrist; the police station at Askeaton, made a search in several, directions without success. [Willcocks]
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| 18 February, 1822 | Magistrates to Marquess Wellesley, Governor-General.We consider the County of Limerick to be in a state of disturbance. Various attacks lately made both by day and by night by armed insurgents upon the houses of the inhabitants.
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| 19 February, 1822 | The chief magistrate reports, that a servant man, belonging to Mr: William Smith of Ballylinn, a magistrate, was waylaid and murdered yesterday by four assassins, about one o’clock in the day, on the high road between Adare and Rathkeale” within three miles of the latter town; they fired three shots at him; and broke his head in a most barbarous manner.In the middle of the day, on the 18th, a large assembly of persons; to the amount of 200 at least, took place in the demesne of Mr. Copley, of Ballyclough, near Askeaton, for tbe purpose of’ cutting timber; Mr. Edward Hunt of Ashkeaton; a magistrate, accompanied by two police and ten soldiers, attempted to disperse them quietly; but they peremptorily refused to do so, using the most irritating language; the police then apprehended one of the banditti carrying off a piece of timber; a rescue was attempted, and the military were compelled to fire; one of the insurgents was killed, and two more are supposed to have been severely wounded ; an inquest was, held on the body of the man who was shot the ‘verdict was “justifiable homicide”.A magistrate strongly represents the absolute necessity of augmenting the force in this county, to enable the magistrates effectually to carry into execution the provisions of the Insurrection Act; he states, that the disturbances have been much worse, within the last, fortnight, and that no gentleman can go twenty yards from his house without the risk of assassination.A clergyman states that the church at Ballybrood was set on fire on the night of the 20th, and nearly consumed; the party who committed this outrage had previously forced the house of Mr. Thomas Maunsell, a magistrate; he escaped with his life. The party, after searching for him in vain, left a message, that their visit was in consequence of his having sat to try tithe causes. [Wellesley].The TIMES of 4 March, 1822.. C (Captain) Rock who signed as “a poor farmer” wrote to the Times on the matter of ‘Irish Tithes’ and the Insurrection and Habeas Corpus Acts. The Limerick Chronicle reported that the Whiteboys drilled regularly at night at Curragh Wood between Loughill and Ballyhahill.
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| 22 February 1822 | House of Mr Rose, flour miller, attacked and entered by armed Whiteboys Demanded arms and ammunition. Apprehended with the property. Patrick Cleary and Owen Sullivan are notorious leaders of the Whiteboys……. William Kelly. [Wilcocks.]The TIMES of 28 February, 1822: The Special Commission at Cork considered only one case last Saturday. Prisoner’s name was Heffernan, charged with selling ammunition for the use of the White Boys. It turned out that he had sold it to a person employed by the magistrates, whose suspicions had been directed towards Heffernan,and whose agent described himself to be in the interests of the White Boys; on which the prisoner sold him, with much alacrity, a considerable quantity of powder, and threw into the bargain such shrewd advice upon the measures and best calculated to promote the insurgents’ cause. He was found guilty.
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| 25 February 1822 | Private meeting of magistrates here tomorrow to consult on the best measures to be pursued under the Insurrection law. Opinion that there is now no intention of an immediate rising in this County. The outrages for the last week appear to be all relative to land and rents – “agrarian dispute.” My Chief Clerk is ill and I have not a moment to myself. I seldom have 6 hours in bed – and not half an hour in the day unoccupied. [Wilcocks.]
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| 26 February 1822 | Magistrates resolutions: requisition for more troops for the purpose of carrying the provisions of the Insurrection Act into effect.26th February, 1822 Magistrates, Courthouse of Rathkeale – Resolution,
The TIMES 27 February, 1822. The Special Commission at Cork. On Thursday last John Leary and Garrett Cotter were tried and found guilty of tendering unlawful oaths, and for having, during the night of 15th January last, assisted in compelling one Richard Riorden to quit his farm. James Carthy was next arraigned, and found guilty for having, with several others not in custody, assaulted and compelled Thomas Evans to deliver up to them a sword. The appearance of Evans excited expressions of horror and pity from all present. The wounds upon his head and body were afflicting proofs of the barbarity with which he had been treated. He was borne into court and supported whilst giving his evidence, being unable to stand from weakness. Denis Cronin, Edward Brien, Jeremiah Leary, and Denis Kelly were indicted under the White Boy Act, for unlawfully assembling on the 21st January last and firing on the Right Honourable Richard, Earl of Bantry, and several Magistrates, at the head of a civil and military force. The two former were found guilty, and the two latter acquitted. Cronin, however was recommended to mercy on plea of the evidence of Mr James Barry, who deposed that he was “ subject to fits, harmless, quiet, and simple, and had always conducted himself industriously and peaceably.” On Friday Cornelius Rylahan, John Mahony, Daniel Brien, John Hylahan, and Denis Moynanan were tried on an indictment charging them with aiding in the murder of Hugh Cologan, on 31st January last, when the Churchtown barracks were burned by a party of the White Boys, and two police officers murdered. The three first mentioned prisoners were found guilty and the two last acquitted. A Privy Council assembled at the Castle on Tuesday last, when it was determined to place the city and county of Limerick under the operation of the Insurrection Act.
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| 28 February, 1822 | Insurrection Act 1822 proclaimed in Co. Limerick.
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| 28 February, 1822 | Pat Barrett, Andrew Kennedy, John Enright, Michael Danneher, James Shire, Pat Corbett, Michael Naughton, Michael Mailey, Daniel Neill, Michael Neill, Thomas Welsh, John Murphy, Patrick Welsh, Pat Fitzgerald charged with idle and disorderly persons did tumultously and unlawfully assemble on 28th February ult at Old Abbey in the daytime against the peace and the statute.Major Wilcox stated that that he had delayed taking any steps against the insurgents knowing that in a few days the Insurrection Act would be in force and that his powers would be enlarged, that the parties went out by his directions and took the prisoners at the Bar.William Smith, Chief Constable, in thee neighbourhood of Shanagolden near Old Abbey , having come on a hill he saw a multitude of persons to the number of 100 who had dispersed in all directions when they perceived his party. He however succeeded in taking 14 prisonersTHE LIMERICK CHRONICLE Saturday March 2 Limerick Special Session under the InsurrectionAct, Thursday, February 28, 1822.Friday March 1, 1822County court –EDWARD MARKHAM – charged with having in his possession at Mt. Brownon 28th ult one case of pistols which he denied possession of andfor being an idle and disorderly person.(See full report of trial here.) |
| 28 February, 1822 | Court Report from Limerick Chronicle 3 March, 1822 re incident at Mr Fosbery, Adare. THOMAS SHAUGHNESSY, an able stout man, was put to the bar, charged with being an idle and disorderly person under the Act, having been out of his home at half past ten o’clock on the night of the 28th ultimate.(See full report of trial here.) |
| 1 – 4 March, 1822 | Limerick, written 5 March, 1822 Before I set out for Rathkeale, to which place I have adjourned the special sessions of the peace, I am anxious to let you know something of what has been passing here for the last four days. There has been 11 convictions under the Insurrection act, and I consider them to have been good cases for example and punishment, and I directed their immediate transmission to Cork for transportation.The last two nights have passed without incident of any particular outrage in this quarter. I ought to add, we have had many satisfactory acquittals… [Mr Sergeant Torrens to Lord Wellesley]. [NOTE: The “eleven” are named in the next two items.]
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| 2 March, 1822 | Limerick.Eight persons under the Insurrection Law….seven for simultaneously and unlawfully appearing by day, and one for having arms concealed in his house. The moment sentence was pronounced, they were sent off to Cork. [Wilcocks.][NOTE: Patrick Barrett, John Enright, Michael Dannaher, James Shire, Patrick Corbett, Patrick Welsh and Patrick Fitzgerald were the seven. [The eighth was Edward Markham,who, incidentally,was the only one on the Mangles. FCM].
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| 2 March, 1822 | Rathkeale …this day three other convictions under the Insurrection law…one above lower class…Michael Carroll, the son of a very wealthy farmer. He was apprehended on Friday night…. Session will sit in Rathkeale on Tuesday next where I hope I have some good cases for investigation. I have no doubt that many useful examples will be made under this law. . [Wilcocks.][Thomas Shaughnessy and (the elderly) Mortough Sullivan, convicted for being idle and disorderly persons under the Act, having been out of their homes at half past ten o’clock on the night of the 28th ult (when an incident relating to the burning of a house at Adare occurred); as well as Michael Carroll. Shaughnessy and Carrollwere on the Mangles.FCM]
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| 5 March, 1822 | Rathkeale.Special Session opened here this day…three convictions for district offences – James Roche for having arms and ammunition on his person in a street of Rathkeale after denial and also a threatening notice signed General Rock; William Nix for being found out upon a highway after hours, and David Donovanfor being absent from his own home….[Wilcocks.] [All three were on the Mangles. FCM]
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| 6 March, 1822 | Rathkeale.…..three other persons….. under the Insurrection Law…John Hickey, Thomas Driscoll and Michael Neill.We sent off the convicts to Cork this day, immediately sentence was pronounced, which had a most imposing effect upon a multitude of spectators. [Wilcocks.] [All three were on the Mangles. FCM]
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| 7 March, 1822 | Rathkeale…20 convictions under the Insurrection Law in the County since the first opening of the Sessions….and more cases to try tomorrow. [Wilcocks.]
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| 8 March, 1822 | Rathkeale.…four persons, one for delivering a threatening notice, and the other three for being absent from their homes. [Wilcocks.]
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| 11 March 1822 |
Limerick, Since my letter of 5th to you, I have held a special sessions in Rathkeale. There were some important cases tried, and 4 or 5 convictions of notorious offenders. In all, there were 13 convictions during the four days the Sessions continued, and I have transmitted 11 of them to Cork for transportation…………….. [Mr Sergeant Torrens to Lord Wellesley.] [Full text held. FCM.]The Times of 18 March 1822: “The Dublin papers of Thursday announce in the list of outrages, the murder of P Hart, the steward of John Brown Esq, who was stoned to death by the WhiteBoys in the liberties of Limerick, on Saturday last.”
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| 28 February to 1 May, 1822, |
Some extracts from Wellesley dated 1 May, 1822::“the tumults in the county of Limerick revived with the utmost fury.”“In the dreadful state if the country to which I have adverted…placing those districts under the Insurrection Act. Mr Sergeant Torrens was appointed to preside at the Special sessions at Limerick, and I request your attention to the extracts from his letters.The operation of the powers exercised under the Act, from the 28th of February, 1822 -(the day on which the special sessions were opened at Limerick), – appears to have been regularly, although gradually and slowly, advantageous to the tranquillity of the district of Limerick; great progress appears to have been made towards the restoration of order within the period of the first session, until the adjournment took place, in consequence of the assizes in Limerick……….Asserted that the implementation of the Insurrection Act has resulted in an almost uninterrupted improvement in the condition of Limerick….the number of outrages diminished in every part of the country. [ Despatch from Marquess Wellesley to Rt Hon Robert Peel re Limerick and Munster.]
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- RETURN OF SEVERAL PERSONS
4th (?) April, 1822
A Return of the several persons convicted under the Insurrection Act at the Special Sessions held in and for the County of Limerick put ‘Edward Markham’ as No. 1 on the list. This list, signed by Joseph Tuohy, Clerk of the Peace for Co. Limerick in April 1822, follows:
| 1 | Edward Markham | 26 | William Hilliard | ||||||||
| 2 | Patrick Barrett | 27 | James Hilliard | ||||||||
| 3 | John Enright | 28 | Bryan Rourke | ||||||||
| 4 | Michael Danaher | 29 | James Speerin | ||||||||
| 5 | James Shine | 30 | George Mulcahy | ||||||||
| 6 | Patrick Corbett | 31 | Michael Connell | ||||||||
| 7 | Patrick Walsh | 32 | Patrick Hayes | ||||||||
| 8 | Patrick Fitzgerald | 33 | Denis Gleeson | ||||||||
| 9 | Thomas Shaughnessey | 34 | Denis Gleeson Junr | ||||||||
| 10 | Mortough Sullivan | 35 | Michael Hanrahan | ||||||||
| 11 | Michael Carroll | 36 | William Doolan | ||||||||
| 12 | James Roche | 37 | Patrick Doolan | ||||||||
| 13 | David Donovan | 38 | John Walsh | ||||||||
| 14 | William Nix | 39 | John Purtill (sic) | ||||||||
| 15 | Michael Neil or Summers? | 40 | James Condon | ||||||||
| 16 | Patrick Lysath | 41 | Peter Sullivan | ||||||||
| 17 | Michael Cuddihy | 42 | Patrick Sheahan | ||||||||
| 18 | Denis Mulqueen | 43 | Eleanor Gilligan | ||||||||
| 19 | Patrick Byrne | 44 | Dan Horan | ||||||||
| 20 | Patrick Robbifson | 45 | John Dalton | ||||||||
| 21 | John Neville | 46 | Thomas Dalton | ||||||||
| 22 | John Collins | 47 | Robin Ready | ||||||||
| 23 | John Darcy | 48 | John? Stephensen | ||||||||
| 24 | John Ryan | 49 | Dan’l Madigan | ||||||||
| 25 | Denis Murphy | 50 | Dennis Maddigan | ||||||||
| 51 | Edward Neill | ||||||||||